United States Supreme Court (12 summaries)
Johnson v. Guzman Chavez
8 U. S. C. §1231 not §1226 governs the detention of aliens subject to reinstated orders of removal.
Area(s) of Law:- Immigration
Berger v. N.C. State Conf. of the NAACP
North Carolina's legislative leaders are entitled to intervene in litigation regarding voter I.D. laws because they represent a state's interest which is not otherwise being represented.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
U.S. v. Taylor
An attempted, Hobbs Act robbery, does not qualify as a crime of violence because no element of the offense requires proof that the defendant used, attempted to use, or threatened the use of force.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Houston Cmty. Coll. Sys. v. Wilson
A plaintiff pursuing a claim for First Amendment retaliation must show that the government took an adverse action in response to speech it would not have taken absent a retaliatory motive.
Area(s) of Law:- Constitutional Law
FBI v. Fazaga
The District Court dismissed Respondent's claims but the Ninth Circuit reversed saying §1806(f) displaced the state secrets privilege. On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the holding saying §1806(f) does not have that effect.
Area(s) of Law:- Sovereign Immunity
Mississippi v. Tennessee
Aquifers are subject to remedy from the courts under equitable apportionment.
Area(s) of Law:- Water Rights
Terry v. U.S.
In light of the clear text, we hold that §2(a) of the Fair Sentencing Act modified the statutory penalties only for subparagraph (A) and (B) crack offenses—that is, the offenses that triggered mandatory-minimum penalties.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
United States v. Cooley
The Court relied on its decision in Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544 (1981), saying that a tribe retains authority over the conduct of non-Indians “when that conduct threatens or has a direct effect on the political integrity, economic security, or the health and welfare of the tribe.”
Area(s) of Law:- Tribal Law
San Antonio v. Hotels.com
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 39 governs the taxation of appellate “costs,” and the question in this case is whether a district court has the discretion to deny or reduce those costs.
Area(s) of Law:- Appellate Procedure
United States v. Palomar-Santiago
The Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit, holding that each statutory requirement under 8 U.S.C. §1326(d) is mandatory.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
AMG Cap. Mgmt., LLC v. FTC
Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act does not explicitly authorize the Federal Trade Commission to obtain court-ordered monetary relief.
Area(s) of Law:- Administrative Law
Mays v. Hines
Under 28 U.S.C §2254(d)(2), a writ of habeas corpus shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless adjudication resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidenced presented in the State court proceedings.
Area(s) of Law:- Post-Conviction Relief
United States Supreme Court Certiorari Granted (1 summary)
Badgerow v. Walters
Whether federal courts have subject-matter jurisdiction to confirm or vacate an arbitration award under Sections 9 and 10 of the FAA where the only basis for jurisdiction is that the underlying dispute involved a federal question.
Area(s) of Law:- Arbitration
9th Circuit Court of Appeals (11 summaries)
Brickman v. Meta Platforms, Inc.
Under the TCPA an autodialer is a piece of equipment which stores or produces telephone numbers to dial using a random or sequential number generator.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Law
HayDay Farms, Inc. v. FeeDx Holdings, Inc.
Under Section 10(a)(4) the arbitration award must show a manifest disregard for law or be completely irrational to be thrown out.
Area(s) of Law:- Arbitration
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) v. Aria
A covered person under the CFPA is any person that engages in offering or providing a consumer financial product or service.
Area(s) of Law:- Administrative Law
Waln v. Dysart Sch. Dist., et. al.
A plaintiff must demonstrate an infringement of their rights under the Free Exercise and Free Speech Clauses.
Area(s) of Law:- Constitutional Law
Flaa et. al. v. Hollywood Foreign Press Ass'n et. al.
Unreasonable restraints on trade are prohibited under the Sherman Act, unreasonable restraints can be established two ways.
Area(s) of Law:- Antitrust
In re Tillman
§724(a) concerns the trustee’s avoidance of qualifying liens, § 522 withdraws the property interest from the bankruptcy estate and is thus beyond the reach of the trustee for distribution for creditors.
Area(s) of Law:- Bankruptcy Law
Save the Bull Trout et al. v. Williams
Claim preclusion bars a party in successive litigation from pursuing claims that were rained or could have been raised in a prior action. Media Rts. Techs., Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 922 F.3d 1014, 1020 (9th Cir. 2019).
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
Verdun, et. al. v. City of San Diego
The administrative search exception may be reasonable where the primary purpose of a search is distinguishable from the general interest of crime control.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Rights § 1983
Lopez v. Garland
The Convention Against Torture prohibits the U.S. from returning anyone to a country where it is more than likely they would be tortured.
Area(s) of Law:- Immigration
Bax v. Doctors Med. Ctr. of Modesto Inc.
To avoid discriminating against persons with disabilities, covered entities must ensure meaningful access to their services. The touchstone of the accessibility analysis is whether the entity provided auxiliary aids sufficient to ensure “effective communication” with deaf patients.
Area(s) of Law:- Disability Law
Cody v. Kijakazi
“The appropriate remedy for an adjudication tainted with an appointments violation is a new hearing before a properly appointed official.” Lucia v. SEC, 138 S. Ct. 2044 (2018).
Area(s) of Law:- Constitutional Law
Oregon Supreme Court (9 summaries)
Hickey v. Scott
Under ORS 90.394(3), a valid termination notice must specify the amount of rent that must be paid to cure nonpayment, the amount must be precise and accurate.
Area(s) of Law:- Landlord Tenant
State v. Gray
Or Const, Art I, §11, of the Oregon Constitution entitles Defendant to have his counsel present in the grand jury room during his testimony.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Brumwell
Under ORS 138.045, “dismissing or setting aside” is when a court issues an order ruling an accusatory instrument fails to state facts that constitute an offense, when a death penalty case is reopened, the new penalty phase hearing is like a new trial.
Area(s) of Law:- Appellate Procedure
Sheehan/Calderwood v. Oregon Legislative Assembly
The Court has long recognized that the legislature has broad discretion with respect to reapportionment. The Court will not substitute it’s own judgment for the wisdom of the plan.
Area(s) of Law:- Election Law
State v. Rogers
Senate Bill 1013 (2019) retains the death penalty but narrowed the definition for aggravated murder.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Sherman v. State
OTCA makes a public body liable for its tortious acts or omissions, subject only to the limitations set out in that act. ORS 30.265(1). By its terms, ORS 12.117 applies, in lieu of ORS 12.115, without exception or limitation, to actions “based on conduct that constitutes child abuse,” and we cannot read an exception for public entities or a limitation on the statute’s application into that statute. See Gaines, 346 Or at 173.
Area(s) of Law:- Tort Law
Bert Brundige, LLC v. Department of Revenue
ORS 307.827 provides, “logging equipment” refers to equipment used in logging and reforestation; equipment specially designed for activities related to water quality and wildlife habitat protection; and “excavators used in logging road construction, maintenance, reconstruction or improvements.”
Area(s) of Law:- Tax Law
Otnes v. PCC Structurals, Inc.
UTCR 21.080(5) authorizes a trial court to relate the filing date of a rejected document back to the original date the document was tendered for filing, if the filing party cures the deficiency identified by the trial court within three days.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
Oregon Court of Appeals (74 summaries)
State v. Beckner
Pursuant to ORS 137.010(3), when a judgment of conviction is vacated and a new sentence is imposed on a lesser included offense of the same crime, a defendant must receive deduction from the maximum and minimum terms of the new sentence for periods of detention and imprisonment already served.
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
State v. Covell
ORS 137.633(1) does not allow room for a sentencing court to deny earned discharge
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
State v. Giron-Cortez
ORS 161.610 requires that the state show a mental state, in any given case, the mental state will depend on the underlying charge.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Anthony V. Albertazzi, P. C. v. Jones
ORS 82.010(2) applies to all judgments; an arbitration award is not a “judgment” as contemplated by the statute.
Area(s) of Law:- Remedies
Hanley Engineering v. Weitz & Company
The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires a valid final judgment in one state, rendered by a court with jurisdiction over a person and subject matter governed by the judgment be recognized in all states. However, it does not require states to adopt practices of other states regarding enforcement for judgments.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
State v. Hoffman
Medical reports containing blood alcohol results are not self-authenticating and requires a witness to testify as to the medical blood draws chain of custody or proper authentication. State v. Martin, 207 Or App 31, 41 (2020).
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Central Oregon Landwatch v. Deschutes County
ORS 215.284(2) “In counties not [within the Willamette Valley] a single-family residential dwelling not provided in conjunction with arm use may be established, subject to approval of the governing body or its designee, in any area zoned for exclusive farm use upon a finding that: (c) The dwelling will be sited on a lot or parcel created before January 1, 1993.”
Area(s) of Law:- Land Use
Dept. of Hum. Servs v. J. H.
ORS 419B.498(1)(a) requires DHS to file a petition to terminate parental rights and proceed with adoption when a child or ward has been in substitute care under the responsibility of the department for 15 months of the most recent 22 months unless some exception applies.
Area(s) of Law:- Juvenile Law
Johnson-Chandler v. The Reed Institute
“Good cause” is evaluated on a reasonable worker standard; if the worker knew enough facts that a reasonable worker could conclude that worker’s compensation liability was a reasonable possibility then notice to the employer would be appropriate. Juan Estrada, 69 Van Natta 71, 74 (2017).
Area(s) of Law:- Workers Compensation
Frehoo, Inc. v. Bureau of Lab. and Indus. of Oregon
To show a hostile workplace, an employee who is subjected to verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature which was unwelcome and resulted in severe or pervasive conditions which alter their employment create an abusive work environment. The court looks at the totality of circumstances.
Area(s) of Law:- Employment Law
Lankford v. Cain
To receive relief, trial counsel’s failure to investigate must result in more than a mere possibility that the proceeding would have ended in a different result.
Area(s) of Law:- Post-Conviction Relief
State v. McBean
ORS 162.325(1), A person commits the crime of hindering prosecution if they assist a person who has committed a crime punishable as a felony.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Newkirk
The Fourteenth Amendment right to due process was not intended to encompass the same right to a grand jury encompassed by the Fifth Amendment. Hurtado v. California, 110 US 516, (1884).
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
Smith v. Kelly
To be deficient, trial counsel must fail to exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment and as a result of that performance the petitioner suffers prejudice.
Area(s) of Law:- Post-Conviction Relief
State v. Krieger
An officer is limited to investigatory inquiries that are reasonably related to the traffic stop or must otherwise have an independent constitutional justification.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Sandu v. Kumar
Plaintiff’s failure to list the partnership meant it could not be considered by the bankruptcy trustee, it remains part of the bankruptcy estate.
Area(s) of Law:- Corporations
State v. Davis
To be relevant, evidence introduced to impeach a need only have a mere tendency to show bias or interest of the witness.
Area(s) of Law:- Evidence
State v. Messer
A sentencing court shall allow a defendant to be considered for a sentence reduction or release programs unless there are substantial and compelling reasons to do otherwise.
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
State v. Cotan
A person commits identity theft if they, with the intent to deceive or defraud, obtain, possess, transfer, create, utters, or converts to the person’s own use the personal identification of another person.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Martineau
The fact that a verdict was unanimous provides assurance in and of itself that no juror was ignored, and all jurors’ reasonable doubts were resolved.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. McLaughlin
A burglar must have the intent to commit some other crime once they have entered the premises unlawfully.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Black
Hightower requires a trial court to consider if the record could have developed in a materially different way but for the erroneous exclusion.
Area(s) of Law:- Appellate Procedure
State v. Phillips
A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on a properly raised defense if there is any evidence to support the presence of each element of the defense.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Dept. of Hum. Servs. v. N.S.C
The Department of Human Services (DHS) and juvenile court relied on ORS 419B.476 which says “’if the court determines that further efforts will make it possible for the ward to safely return home within a reasonable time,’ the court may ‘order that the parent participate in specific services for a specific period of time and make specific progress within that period of time.’”
Area(s) of Law:- Juvenile Law
Michael v. Pugel
ORCP 71 B(1)(a) allows a court to relieve a party or legal representative from a judgment for: mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
Dept. of Hum. Servs. v. Z.M.
Juvenile courts may assert dependency jurisdiction over children whose conditions or circumstances are such as to endanger the welfare of the child or of others.
Area(s) of Law:- Juvenile Law
State v. Deatley
All investigative activities during a traffic stop are subject to subject matter and durational limitation, all activity must reasonably be related to the traffic stop or supported by an independent constitutional justification.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Upham v. Forster
The court has jurisdiction to enjoin public bodies from withholding records and order the production of improperly withheld documents, withholding means to retain and keep in one’s possession and control. Merely receiving the records after a lawsuit has been filed is not enough to “prevail,” Plaintiff did not revive a favorable judgment.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
State v. Curiel
Fourth Degree Assault requires “substantial pain” experienced by the victim meaning the pain should not be fleeting or inconsequential. Statements which purport to explain an instance of domestic violence made within 24 hours of the incident are permissible.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Laune
The trial court plainly erred in assessing petitioner’s ability to pay attorney fees, it is incorrect to assume bail posted by a non-spouse third party belongs to a defendant. However, under the existing case law at the time of Defendant’s trial the court ruled correctly.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Summerlyn
It is plain error to instruct the jury that it can rule non-unanimously, but the unanimous guilty verdict made that error harmless. Departure from sentencing guidelines is permitted where there are compelling reasons to do so.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Ingle v. Matteucci
The “escape clause” exists to give a person extra time to file a petition for post-conviction relief in “extraordinary circumstances,” personal characteristics are not currently relevant to the escape clause.
Area(s) of Law:- Post-Conviction Relief
State v. Bates
Imposing conditions of probation in a judgment that have not been announced in open court at sentencing constitutes reversible error generally entitling a defendant to resentencing.
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
City of Portland v. Gonzalez
All investigative activities conducted during a traffic stop have subject-matter and durational limitations, officers’ activities during a traffic stop must be reasonably related to the purpose of the stop or supported by an independent constitutional justification.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
City of Portland v. Gonzalez
Officers’ activities during a traffic stop must be reasonably related to the traffic stop or be supported by an independent constitutional justification.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Skinner and Skinner
ORS 82.010(2)(c), which refers to prejudgment interest, applies only to some judgments, spousal support judgments do not accrue prejudgment interest.
Area(s) of Law:- Family Law
State v. Craig
ORS 137.719 provides that if a defendant has been sentenced for two prior felony sex crimes, the presumptive sentence is life without the possibility of parole.
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
State v. D.F.U.
To preserve a challenge on appeal, an appellant must raise the issue before the trial court with enough specificity to allow the court to consider the issue and rule on it.
Area(s) of Law:- Evidence
State v. Hsieh
Exigency exists when a person fails to provide the “minimum care” required by statute, and that failure results in imminent physical injury; an officer’s beliefs must be grounded in specific and articulable facts.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Larson
ORS 137.123 generally bars consecutive sentences except under certain circumstances.
Area(s) of Law:- Sentencing
W. A. S. v. Teacher Standards and Practices Comm.
In an agency proceeding, lacking the appearance of fairness is not enough to reverse, a petitioner must show actual bias by the decision maker.
Area(s) of Law:- Administrative Law
Mouktabis v. Amarou
A guardian ad litem may be but is not required to be an attorney, they do not “step into the shoes” of the represented person for all purposes, nor do they become an attorney by serving as guardian ad litem.
Area(s) of Law:- Appellate Procedure
Nevius v. Palomares
To determine whether plaintiff stated a claim, there must be allegations which are legally sufficient to establish the existence of a justiciable controversy, a challenge becomes moot when a court decision will not have a practical effect on the rights of parties.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
Sexton v. Sky Lakes Md. Center
An injury is not compensable unless the injury is the major contributing cause of the consequential condition; or if an otherwise compensable injury combines at any time with a preexisting condition to cause or prolong disability or a need for treatment it is only compensable is the otherwise compensable injury is the major contributing cause of disability.
Area(s) of Law:- Workers Compensation
State v. Lebanno
Arrests must be supported by probable cause, probable cause is when an officer subjectively believes that a crime has been committed and the person arrested has committed it, subjective belief must be objectively reasonable.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Jackson
Under ORS 161.067(1), merger is required when elements of one offense are subsumed by another.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Kalenius v. City of Corvallis
The “firefighter’s presumption” allows a firefighter to establish the compensability of “cardiovascular-renal disease” as an occupational disease without presenting direct evidence of causation by employment.
Area(s) of Law:- Employment Law
Springleaf Home Equity, Inc. v. Jones
It is premature for a trial court to deny attorney fees where a defendant has pleaded a claim for attorney fees and was entitled to them as a matter of law.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
State v. Witt
Evidence of general wrongdoing or suspicious behavior, standing alone, will not ordinarily be sufficient to permit a reasonable inference that a defendant knew they were using a stolen car.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Bowers v. Betschart
When two or more amendments to a county charter are submitted to the electors of the county at the same election, they shall be so submitted that each amendment shall be voted on separately.
Area(s) of Law:- Constitutional Law
J.D.B. v. Muller
To support the issuance of an SPO, a petitioner must establish at least two unwanted contacts which each must cause subjective and objectively reasonable alarm or coercion.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Stalking Protective Order
State v. Belleque
A defect in an indictment or a defective waiver of an indictment or preliminary hearing does not divest a trial court of subject matter jurisdiction.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Moir v. Ozeruga
A notice of appeal must be served and filed within 30 days after the judgment appealed from is entered in the register, the timeline is extended only for corrected portions and portions affected by the correction. There can only be one prevailing party for each claim for the purposes of claiming attorney fees.
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
State v. Cervantes
ORS 164.245 does not contain a “clarity requirement” for notice of property from which a person is excluded.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Mull
To be found guilty of theft by receiving, the state must prove that defendant must have known or believed that the property was stolen. Circumstantial evidence may be relied on to make reasonable inferences but, if the conclusion requires too great of an inferential leap, then it will be insufficient.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Waterfront Pearl Condo. Owners v. Waterfront Pearl
An “injury” is discovered when a plaintiff knows or should have known of the existence of three elements: (1) harm; (2) causation; and (3) tortious conduct. The statute of limitations starts running when the plaintiff knows or should have known facts that would make a reasonable person aware of a substantial possibility that each of the elements exists. The plaintiff must be aware of the conduct and the “tortious nature” of the conduct.
Area(s) of Law:- Tort Law
Pohlman v. Cain
“Preservation principles apply in the context of post-conviction relief and, as a general rule, arguments not made to the post-conviction court in support of a claim will not be considered on appeal.” Hale v. Belleque, 255 Or App 653, 660, 298 P3d 596, adh’d to on recons, 258 Or App 587, 312 P3d 533, rev den, 354 Or 597 (2013).
Area(s) of Law:- Post-Conviction Relief
State v. Farris
A probation condition violates the Oregon Constitution if its terms are not sufficiently explicit to inform those subjects to them as to what conduct will render them in violation of the condition.
Area(s) of Law:- Parole and Post-Prison Supervision
State v. Lasheski
Post-opinion dismissal motions are disfavored by the court and will be granted only when the appellant presents a compelling reason for dismissal.
Area(s) of Law:- Appellate Procedure
State v. Perez-Salas
Where a building consists of separate units, including but not limited to, separate apartments, offices, or rented rooms, each unit, in addition to being a part of the same building, is a separate building.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
State v. Dart
ORS 161.200 requires that a defendant’s perception of a threat be reasonable as gauged by an objective “reasonable person” standard and not a subjective, defendant specific standard for the choice of evils defense.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Estrada-Robles
Since the trial court’s decision in 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Ramos v. Louisiana, 590 140 S Ct 1390 (2020), which declared non-unanimous verdicts to violate the Sixth Amendment.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Bilton
It is well settled that a trial court errors when imposing a DUII fee without first announcing it at sentencing.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Coats
A “sufficient pause” for purposes of ORS 161.067(3) means a “temporary or brief cessation of a defendant’s criminal conduct that occurs between repeated violations and is so marked in scope or quality that it affords a defendant the opportunity to renounce his or her criminal intent.” State v. Huffman, 234 Or App 177, 184, 227 P3d 1206 (2010).
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Phillips
Protective measures taken by police officers must be proportionate to the perceived threat, reasonable suspicion would develop if a Defendant took some substantial step towards the end alleged.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
Ceaser v. Dept. of Human Services
Under ORS 183.310 to 183.690, “[r]eview of a contested case shall be confined to the record, and the court shall not substitute its judgment for that of the agency as to any issue of fact or agency discretion.”
Area(s) of Law:- Administrative Law
State v. McIntyre
Police unlawfully expanded the scope of the traffic stop even though they did not unlawfully extend duration, this case is analogous to State v. Hallam, 307 Or App 796 (2020).
Area(s) of Law:- Evidence
State v. Damper
Receipt of a nonunanimous verdict is plain error that an appellate court should exercise its discretion to review, it is an error that cannot be found harmless.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Procedure
State v. Phillips
Under OEC 404(3) “evidence of other crimes wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity therewith,” but allows such evidence for reasons such as proof of motive, the proponent bears the burden of showing relevance.
Area(s) of Law:- Evidence
State v. Tinoco-Camarena
Under OEC 404(3), “evidence of other crimes wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that the person acted in conformity therewith,” but allows such evidence for reasons such as proof of intent.
Area(s) of Law:- Evidence
State v. Jasperse
OEC 403 allows relevant evidence to be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of confusion of the issues or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law
Royal Blue Organics v. City of Springfield
In reviewing whether LUBA’s decision was “unlawful in substance,” ORS 197.850(9)(a), we review the pertinent city code provisions to determine whether LUBA interpreted them consistently with the ordinary principles of statutory, or code, construction.
Area(s) of Law:- Land Use
Lane v. Marion County D.A.'s Office
The Supreme Court identified three criteria to “guide the determination of whether a decision-making process was quasi-judicial, (1) Was the process, once begun, bound to result in a decision? (2) Was the decision-maker bound to apply pre-existing criteria to concrete facts? (3) Was the decision directed at a closely circumscribed factual situation or a relatively small number of persons?” Hicks v. Cent. Point Sch. Dist., 270 Or App at 544 (2015) (citing Strawberry Hill 4 Wheelers v. Board of Comm’rs, 287 Or at 602-03).
Area(s) of Law:- Civil Procedure
State v. Gilbreath
ORS 163.411 provides that a person commits unlawful sexual penetration in the first degree if the person penetrates the vagina, anus, or penis of another with any object other than the penis or mouth no “sexual or injurious intent” is required.
Area(s) of Law:- Criminal Law